OVARIAN AND UTERINE CYCLE The female reproduction system is call menstrual cycle. It has average length of 28 days and consists of 4 stages. Follicle stage begins with the secretion of follicle stimulating hormones. By the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone causes the ovum to raping in a developing follicle within the overy, the follicle is ling with specialized cell and holds a watering flute containing estrogen hormones. Estrogen causes the ling of the uterus to begin to buildup. An increase in estrogen production signal anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to produce and release luteinizing hormone (LH). The increase of luteinizing hormone LH causes the follicle to rapture and release a mature oven into fallopian tube. This process is call ovulation and it begin the second stage of the menstruation cycle. The rapture follicle begins to change into a yellow body called corpus Leteum during this or third the stage of the cycle The corpus Leteum secret progesterone, progesterone penalize preparation of the uterus by causing the thickening of it line, the thickening prepared the uterus for the attachment of the ovum if it has undergo fertilization. After fertilization occur, the corpus Leteum continue to secrete the progesterone hormones. As a result progesterone hormone as also result progesterone stimulation the line of the uterus to thinking and accommodate the developing offspring. If fertilization does not occur the corpus Latium degenerated and no more progesterone been produced, the absence of progesterone cause the fourth stage call Menstrual. during menstrual soft uterine wall and unfertilized ovum are discharged though the virgener if is has undergo fertilization the estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to builtup, and the corpus leteum will continue secrete the progestrone hormones as a result of progestrone as also result progesterone stimulation by causing the ling of the uterus to become more thinking to accomondate the developing offspring. viviparity this is the process of reproducation in which the animan give birth to younger ones alive, in other word these animal do not lay eggs, the eggs or ova are fertilized inside the female animal. simmilarites between sperm and eggs both of them have cytoplam they both undergo meiosis both egg and sperm are sex cell both have nucleus, mitochindria and chromosenes FUNCTION OF UMBILICAL CORD This link and attaches the fetus to the placenta The vain in the umbilical cord transported digested food and oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus The artery in the umbilical cord transported wasted product and deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta Is suspend fetus in the amniotic cavity The artery transforms wasted metabolic products FUNCTION OF PLACENTA Attaches the fetus to the uterus wall of the mother Absorbed digested food from the mothers blood and pass it on to the fetus by diffusion Allow passage of ingredients, antibodies that protect the developing fetus agency infection Allow passage of drug / vaccine and alcohol from the mother to the fetus convert some glucose to fructose Exchange of carbon dioxide from the fetus blood for oxygen from the mothers blood Filter out urea and nitrogenous waste of the baby’s blood and transport bear the mothers blood / kidney Prevent the mixing of fetus blood for oxygen from the mothers blood Prevent passage of pathogens from mother to the fetus Produce the hormones that prevent ovulation and menstruation during pregnancy FUNCTION AMNIOTIC SAC Contain amniotic fluid It provide constant warm temperature to the fetus It provide Sterile environment for development It provides hydrostatic protection against mechanical injury and shock observer It allows the fetus to move freely within the wall of the uterus CONTRACEPTION Contraception is the prevention of conception that is the fusion of the male gamete with the female gamete but natural and artificial method exists. Birth control includes contraception but is breather in meaning because it also include any major taking after fertilization which are design to prevent birth. This includes majors which include implantation, coil, pills and abortion, abortion is the premature termination of pregnancy. Medically and miscarriage is natural abortion or simulation abortion. Abortion is induces or deliberately broth about. COMMON METHODS OF ABORTION Vacuum aspirator up to 12 weeks Cervix of a woman is stretch and the content of the uterus are gentle suck. Or used a flexible tube and a pump (aspirator) is take about 30mis to be completed DIALATION AND CURETTAGE 12 TO 15 WEEKS Cervix is streted and curettage is spoke shape knife is used gently to scrap the lining of the uterus the content can be suck out by the vacuum aspirator PROSTAGLANDINS OR SALINE INJECTION 16 WEEK Prostaglandins Are injected in to the amniotic fluid killing the fetus and coursing contraction of the uterus. The fetus is borth death, saline also killed the fetus and a hormone is added to course contraction R.U 486 LESSTHAN 10 WEEK ABORTION PILLS Anti-progesterone, fetus is injection with prostaglandins injection one to 2 days is courses contraction and complied the abortion THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION all living organisms produce more offspring that can survive Due to the over production of offspring there is constant competition / struggle for existing among them Some organisms are well adopted to survived the competition than others (survival of the fittest) The will adopted ones will transmit such variation to their offspring those with poor adoptions will death off/ progressive loss productive And accumulation of favorable variation will in a long time lead to divergence and spread from the original stock Resulting in the promotion of new species MENOPAUSE Menopause: is a period of life when menstrual cycle cease CAUSES OF MENOPAUSE is cause by aging of the ovaries changing this is result in the decrease of estrogen and progesterone which lead to changing of female secondary sex characteristic eg shrinking of the mammalian breast, vigena, urthus, loss of pubic and axillary hair etc Capacitation Sperm can only fertilizer the egg after spending several hours in the female genital tract. Usually about seven 7 hours during that time the undergo on process known as capacitation this is involve a numbers of changings including the removal of layer of glycoprotein and plasma-protein from the outer surface of the sperm. Cholesterol is also loss from the cell surface membrane around the sperm head weakening the membrane. The membrane also become more permeable to calcium iron which have the dual effect of increasing the beating activities of the sperm tail and promoting the acrosomes reaction why is scrotum is located outside the body scrotum is outside the body because the temperature is slightly lower than that of rest of the body, the lower in temperature is needed for the best condations for the producation of sperms. in additional to this method of temperature regulation the testes are supported by muscles tissue which can contract or relax. in cold weather the muscles contracts, drawing the testes nearer to the warm body. the reverse happens in warm wearther so the process work like thermostart.